Plain bearing material of an aluminium alloy free from silicon except for impurities introduced during smelting

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an aluminum alloy, to a plain bearing and to a method of manufacturing a layer, particularly for a plain bearing, to which there is added as a main alloy component tin ( 14 ) and a hard material ( 15 ) from at least one first element group containing iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper or platinum, magnesium, or antimony. Added to the aluminum alloy from the first elementary group is a quantity of elements for forming inter-metallic phases, e.g. aluminide formation, in the boundary areas of the matrix, and further at least one further element from a second element group containing manganese, antimony, chromium, tungsten, niobium, vanadium, cobalt, silver, molybdenum of zirconium, for substituting a portion at least of a hard material of the first element group in order to form approximately spherical or cuboid aluminides ( 7 ).

[0001] The invention relates to an aluminium alloy as described in the preambles to claims 1 to 3, and to a method of manufacturing composite materials from an aluminium alloy, as described in the preamble to claim 28.

[0002] In order to avoid the disadvantages of silicon-containing aluminium-tin alloys in view of a lower fatigue strength due to the stress concentration of the silicon particles on the one hand and the chip-removing effect of the silicon particles in the area of the bearing surface on the other hand, the addition of silicon to the alloy is frequently omitted. In order to improve the mechanical properties of silicon-free aluminium alloys with a high tin content of 35 to 65% by weight, it has already been proposed according to DE-A1-4231 862, in addition to 0.1 to 1.5% by weight of copper in order to improve the fatigue resistance on the one hand, to add to the alloy on the other hand at least one of the elements manganese, nickel, silver, magnesium, antimony and zinc in an overall quantity of a maximum 5% by weight. Due to the high tin content however, upon hardening of the alloy from the melt, there is formed a substantially coherent tin network, which considerably impairs the structural strength of the plain bearing material and its capacity for shaping, which is of importance with a view to the conventional plating of these cast alloys with steel, and of the shaping stages involved therewith. In addition, as the tin content increases, the network structure of the tin in the aluminium matrix has an increasing influence on the mechanical properties of the plain bearing material.

[0003] Attempts have also already been made to improve the mechanical properties of aluminium-tin alloys by adding to these alloys well-known matrix-reinforcing elements such for example as copper, manganese, nickel, magnesium and tin. Such aluminium-tin alloys are known among others from DE-A-42 01 793.

[0004] Furthermore it is already known, according to DE-C2-32 49 133, to generate a heterogenous structure in aluminium-tin alloys by means of a thermal aftertreatment. By means of this aftertreatment hard particles, e.g. silicon or aluminides, are separated, enabling favourable wear properties with quite specific distribution functions.

[0005] In the case of cast alloys, according to DE-C2-36 40 698, it is necessary in order to establish the final dimension of the individual layers with shaping during the plating with steel, to undertake various shaping stages, which also require various connected thermal treatments. This compound production and in particular the various shaping stages have until now prevented the use of strength-increasing alloying measures.

[0006] The object underlying the invention is to provide an aluminium alloy whose mechanical properties are clearly better, even at higher tin contents.

[0007] The object is achieved by the features in claim 1. The surprising advantage which was ascertained in the special composition of the aluminium alloy resides in the fact that the matrix strength achieved by the addition of the high tin component could be considerably increased by the addition of hard materials of the type indicated. Thus it was also possible successfully to separate inter-metallic phases, i.e. hard phases or aluminides in the boundary areas of the matrix. These in themselves disruptive inter-metallic phases could however surprisingly be altered by the addition of the further alloy components in such a way that they have a spherical or cuboid form and thus interrupt the tin structure in the boundary areas of the matrix and lead to consolidation of said matrix, while on the other hand the known disadvantages of elongate, rod-shaped inter-metallic phases do not occur. In a completely unforeseen way, the additional advantage was achieved that, due to the inter-metallic phases formed because of the special components, the wetting behaviour of the same with tin is reduced, so that the tin in the hardened layer is no longer present as a cohesive tin network, but rather in the fashion of a special dispersed phase, coupled with these special inter-metallic phases. In this way higher hardness values were achieved even in the casting condition, and, due to the better continuity of the matrix, an increase in its capacity for shaping was achieved in a surprising unforeseeable manner.

[0008] The object of the invention however is also in particular independently achieved by the features in claim 2. By means of using the main alloy component tin for the running layer and zinc for the intermediate layer, in an aluminium alloy for a composite material, the sliding properties and the adaptability of the materials during the running-in phase of the bearing on the one hand, and the sufficiently high strength and support of the bearing layer were improved by the intermediate layer reinforced with zinc.

[0009] However, the object may also be independently achieved by the features in claim 3. A surprising advantage in this respect is that, by means of approximation to the strength in an area lying relatively close to the peak strength, an extremely high service life is achieved over the normal operational life, and the strengths achievable with aluminium alloys can be optimally exploited, without the peak strength being reached or exceeded or decreasing during short-term excess temperatures, such as arise for example in an engine with a critical rotary speed range, so that a considerably longer service life of plain bearings can be achieved with such running and intermediate layers.

[0010] Of advantage also however is a further development of the aluminium alloy according to claim 4, as by means of adaptation of the alterations in strength in the intermediate layer and in the running layer, the tensions and added loads building up between the two layers are reduced, and the in any case critical conjunction between the individual layers, which has been produced by shaping procedures and rolling procedures, is not added to.

[0011] By means of a further development according to claim 5, by means of the simultaneous design of the running and intermediate layers as hardenable layers even in the thermal treatment procedures necessary between the individual layers, an additional increase in strength can be achieved. Above all, by means of the combination thus achieved of the strength of the materials increasing in the direction of the support member of steel, the bearing layer having extremely favourable sliding properties, is optimally supported by the stronger intermediate layers, so that an improved combination effect occurs.

[0012] It is possible in this respect to have a design according to claim 6, as in this way a composite of layers is achieved which matches the requirements in a high stress range, and in addition, the most suitable respective manufacturing methods may be used.

[0013] The design according to claim 7 is also advantageous, as in this way the silicon particles, which in many cases lead to a disadvantageous, chip-removing effect in the region of the sliding surface, can be totally eliminated.

[0014] The high proportion of tin, particularly in the bearing layer according to claim 8, enables advantageous and favourable sliding properties and above all high emergency running properties, which are of particular advantage for the service life of such plain bearings, without influencing the strength of the matrix alloy in any disadvantageous way.

[0015] The distribution of the tin in the area of the boundaries of the matrix can be advantageously influenced by the further development according to claim 9.

[0016] A development according to claim 10 is also advantageous, as in this combination a portion of the iron or nickel in the inter-metallic phases is replaced, or is so converted or altered, that it has an approximately spherical or cuboid form.

[0017] A high total strength with good running properties is also achieved by the further development according to claim 11, as with admixture of the elements indicated there in the corresponding quantity, a good combination effect can be achieved between strength and durability.

[0018] An embodiment according to claim 12 is also advantageous, as in this way in effect the desired effects of the substitution of iron, nickel or similar hard materials is achieved, and yet on the other hand no disadvantageous influences or mixtures in the matrix alloy occur.

[0019] A design according to claim 13 is also possible in order to improve the running properties.

[0020] The separation of the inter-metallic phases can however also be achieved with reference to the details in claims 14 to 16 as, due to the different procedure, different additional requirements with regard to a higher pressure or temperature load can be achieved.

[0021] By means of the further development according to claim 17, on the one hand a sufficient hardness of the matrix strength is achieved, and on the other hand the addition of alloy components enables further influence on the spatial shape of the inter-metallic phases formed.

[0022] Claim 18 describes a further embodiment, by means of which a high degree of strength can likewise be achieved.

[0023] Formation of the inter-metallic phases in a desired spatial shape can however also be achieved by the further variant embodiments according to claims 19 to 22.

[0024] Also of advantage is a design according to claim 23, by means of which the hardening due to use extends in an area in which over-stepping of the maximum possible hardness is avoided.

[0025] Also of advantage however is the design of a plain bearing in the preferably independent solution of the object according to claim 24. By means of using the aluminium alloy, a high service life and favourable adaptation of the bearing to various tolerances is provided.

[0026] In the further development according to claim 25, in conjunction with the use of tin as an alloying material for the bearing layer, additional advantages can be achieved.

[0027] By means of the same matrix structure of the running and intermediate layer according to claim 26, a good conjunction is ensured between the two, and also a good emergency running property, and yet by means of this special matrix structure there is a good connection between the intermediate layer and the support layer consisting of metal during the shaping procedures and during plating.

[0028] By means of formation of the intermediate layer according to claim 27, by means of using zinc also in softer bearing layers, a sufficient durability of a bearing can be achieved.

[0029] The invention also comprises a method for manufacturing composite materials from aluminium alloys, as described in the preamble to claim 28. This method is characterised by the individual features in the characterising part of claim 28. This procedure ensures a sufficient matrix consolidation and an interruption in the tin structure corresponding to the desired strength and running properties, and the manufacture of the aluminium alloy is possible with the known methods and devices.

[0030] Other procedures are also advantageous, as indicated in claim 29, as in this way by means of diffusion and substitution processes, the design of the inter-metallic phases can be additionally altered.

[0031] The thermo-mechanical redensification process according to the procedure in claim 30 also enables exact adaptation of the strength of the layers.

[0032] According to an advantageous procedure according to claim 31, an initial strength is achieved, at which, during the running-in phase of such a plain bearing, redensification can occur, which is decisive in achieving a high running service life.

[0033] The invention will be explained in more detail in the following with reference to the views in the drawings. Shown are:

[0034]FIG. 1: a schematic micrograph of a previous bearing material for plain bearings on an aluminium basis according to prior art;

[0035]FIG. 2: a schematic micrograph of a bearing material according to the invention;

[0036]FIG. 3: a three-dimensional view of variously-formed aluminides, their initial and in their final conditions;

[0037]FIG. 4: a plain bearing according to the invention, designed as a shell in a two-layer structure, shown schematically;

[0038]FIG. 5: a further plain bearing according to the invention, designed as a shell in a three-layer configuration, shown schematically;

[0039]FIG. 6: a graph of the bearing durability of plain bearings with running and intermediate layers plated onto a steel layer, and consisting of various aluminium alloys, with a bearing load changing over the running time;

[0040]FIG. 7: a graph showing the hardness behaviour in the individual layers of a plain bearing over the operational time;

[0041]FIG. 8: a graph according to FIG. 7 for a plain bearing with layers designed according to the invention.

[0042] As shown by FIG. 1, which illustrates a conventional material 1 known from prior art for plain bearings on an aluminium basis with 20% by weight of tin and 1% by weight of copper, the tin phase 2 in the alloy matrix 3 forms a substantially cohesive tin network 4, which disadvantageously influences the mechanical properties of this material 1.

[0043] This network structure could be broken up in the case of a bearing material 5 for plain bearings according to the invention, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0044] The bearing material 5 shown according to the invention contains, in addition to 23% by weight of tin, 1.8% by weight of copper, 0.6% by weight of manganese, 0.23% by weight of iron, 0.17% by weight of cobalt, 0.14% by weight of chromium and 0.1% by weight of zircon. Despite the higher tin proportion, a clearly less cohesive tin structure 6 results, because the separated tin phase 2 is interrupted by aluminides 7 or inter-metallic phases of manganese and iron, to which the tin phase 2 is applied. As is more clearly seen from FIG. 3, these aluminides 7, despite their composition, do not have a disadvantageous effect on the mechanical properties of the bearing material 5, because due to the addition of manganese and/or cobalt and/or chromium and/or zircon in specific quantities, the stress concentration otherwise caused by an outstanding longitudinal extension 8 of the aluminides 7 shown in dotted lines, could be suppressed by their alteration into the shown spherical or cuboid spatial shape and shorter main dimension or length 9.

[0045] Naturally, the bearing material 5 according to the invention can be subjected to a conventional thermal and shaping aftertreatment, in order further to improve the mechanical properties. Due to the effect of a corresponding plastic deformation, the aluminides 7 can be brought into solution at a comparatively low treatment temperature, in order then to subject the bearing material 5 to a separation hardening of a starting treatment.

[0046] In order to indicate the special properties of the bearing material 5 according to the invention, such a bearing material 5 was compared with a conventional material 1 for a plain bearing. For this purpose the materials to be compared were cast under identical conditions to form a strip by horizontal extrusion casting, said strip having a cross-section of 10 mm×100 mm.

[0047] Due to the discharge conditions selected, a heat removal of between 3.4 and 3.7 J/s was ensured for hardening.

[0048] In addition to aluminium, the conventional material 1 consisted of 20% by weight of tin, 0.9% by weight of copper as a main alloy component, with the other impurities normal in aluminium.

[0049] The alloy according to the invention or the bearing material 5 had in addition to aluminium as a main alloy component 23% by weight of tin, 1.8% by weight of copper, 0.6% by weight of manganese, 0.23% by weight of iron, 0.14% by weight of chromium, 0.17% by weight of cobalt, 0.1% by weight of zircon and the further impurities normal in aluminium. In the bearing material 5, the tin network 4, contrary to the comparative alloy, was present in a substantially interrupted form, so that in the alloy according to the invention, despite the clearly higher tin content, a better structural strength was revealed. Accordingly, an increase in the Brinell hardness in the cast condition of at least 5 points was measured.

[0050] In order to test the deformability, both materials were subjected to an annealing treatment of 3 hours at 350° C. After subsequent grinding to remove the casting crust from the samples, the samples had a cross-section of 8 mm×80 mm. During a rolling shaping treatment without intermediate annealing, the previous material 1 allowed only a deformation of a maximum 25% in one single pass, the first cracks already appearing, which upon a reduction per pass of up to 35%, led to strips which could no longer be used.

[0051] In the bearing material 5 according to the invention, at a deformation of 20% the first cracks were already recognised, yet as the pass strength increased, these cracks grew considerably more slowly, so that at a reduction per pass of 40%, the strip could be used without problems except for a narrow lateral area.

[0052] A further shaping test comprised testing the number, permissible without intermediate annealing, of consequently-executed rolling operations with a respective reduction per pass of 5%. In the previously usual material 1, deformation had to be stopped after 8 to 10 passes. This corresponds to a maximum overall deformation of scarcely more than 40%. By means of hardness measurements carried out after each pass on the rolled surface, it was observed that the comparative alloy had a maximum hardness after 6 passes. During the following passes, a partial reduction in the hardness was even noticed, which gives evidence of structural damage.

[0053] In the bearing material 5 according to the invention, on the contrary, a particularly marked increase in the hardness was measured up to the eighth roller pass, after which the hardness remained constant until the twelfth to fourteenth roller pass and only decreased after the thirteenth to fifteenth roller pass. With a corresponding overall deformation of 48% to 53%, further deformation was no longer possible due to cracking.

[0054]FIG. 4 shows a possible design of a shell-shaped bearing member 10 of a plain bearing 11, in which the bearing member 10 consists of a support layer 12, which is normally produced from a metallic material, for example steel, and which forms a receiving means for a shell-shaped running layer 13. In order to form plain bearings 11, which serve to provide a rotarily-movable bearing for machine shafts, engine shafts, etc., two such identical bearing members 10, as shown in dotted lines, are combined to form a bearing ring, and are normally inserted into a bearing casing containing this bearing ring with corresponding form-fitting and security against twisting.

[0055] The running layer 13 is connected immobile with the support layer 12, e.g. is plated on, rolled on, welded, glued, etc., and in the construction according to the invention preferably consists of an aluminium alloy with a series of possible alloy components in order to achieve a high bearing stress resistance with respect to temperature, strength, running time and with a minimised coefficient of friction in conjunction with suitable materials for the machine shafts, engine shafts, etc.

[0056] According to a preferred construction, the running layer 13 consists of an aluminium alloy, in which the main alloy component is made up of tin 14 and a hard material 15 of at least one element 16 of a first element group containing iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper or platinum, magnesium, antimony. Added to the aluminium alloy of the first element group is a quantity of elements 16, so that inter-metallic phases, e.g. aluminides 7, form in the boundary areas of the matrix. At least one further element 16 of a second element group containing manganese, antimony, chromium, tungsten, niobium, vanadium, cobalt, molybdenum or zirconium, at least a portion of the hard material 15 of the first element group is substituted, so that the aluminides 7 are converted into an approximately spherical or cuboid three-dimensional shape.

[0057]FIG. 5 shows another bearing member 10 with the support layer 12 and the running layer 13, in which there is disposed between the support layer 12 and the running layer 13 an intermediate layer 18, if necessary as a middle layer or binding layer. The intermediate layer 18 with the running layer 13 connected immobile therewith, in this construction, with coordination of the alloy components, the intermediate layer 18 being preferably formed by an aluminium alloy, form a composite material from which the decisive properties required for the bearing member 10 originate.

[0058] According to another preferred design for a composite material, particularly for a plain bearing 11 comprising a running layer 13 and an intermediate layer 18, these contain as main alloy components at least one element 16 of an alloy element group containing tin, zinc, copper, lead, bismuth, cadmium and/or indium, the main alloy element of the running layer 13 being tin 14, and that of the intermediate layer being zinc. At least one further element of an alloy element group containing iron, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium is added, in order to maintain a differential between the alterations in strength in the running layer 13 and in the intermediate layer 18 with approximately identical pressure and/or temperature stress between 0% and 20%. Furthermore, the running layer 13 and the intermediate layer 18 are hardenable. A strength of the intermediate layer 18 is identical to or greater than the strength of the running layer 13.

[0059] A further preferred design for a composite material, particularly for a plain bearing 11, consisting of the running layer 13 and of the intermediate layer 18, contains as main alloy components at least one element from an alloy element group containing tin, zinc, copper, lead, bismuth, cadmium and/or indium. This composite material, which forms at least a part of a plain bearing 11, enables formation of the intermediate layer 18 and/or of the running layer 13, so that they have a strength which comes to 70% to 99.5% of the peak strength of the respective running layer 13 or of the intermediate layer 18.

[0060] It is naturally also known from prior art to manufacture plain bearings 11 in an enclosed annular form, these being cast as a ring in accordance with predetermined rough dimensions, or being shaped into corresponding rings from a rolled or extruded profile, and being connected, particularly welded, at the resultant abutting points, at the opposed end faces, to form an uninterrupted ring. For such plain bearings 11 also, the materials 1 named above for the intermediate layer 18 and/or the running layer 13 may be used.

[0061] Such plain bearings 11 are frequently produced by a composite material technique in which the various layers are connected together immobile, preferably by being plated together. Such plain bearings 11, prefabricated in strip form or in ring form, are brought to the respective dimensions with corresponding bearing tolerances and assembly tolerances by subsequent fine machining, and are inserted by methods of attachment technology in bearing receiving means of bearings or motor casings, and are held secure against rotation by securing members or also by gluing.

[0062]FIG. 6 shows a graph in which the load in bar is entered on the abscissa, and the running time in minutes with a logarithmic division is entered on the ordinate.

[0063] As is known, because of load on a bearing member 10, particularly the temperature and pressure load during a so-called running-in phase and even thereafter, there is an alteration in strength, the alteration being dependent on the ingredients of the alloy. After this so-called running-in period and reaching specific threshold values, no further substantial alterations in the strength occur until the end of a running time is reached, at which such a bearing becomes unusable due to material fatigue.

[0064] With reference to the examples of various layer structures described in the following for such plain bearings 11, the bearing structure according to the invention and its effect on the bearing service life is explained.

EXAMPLE 1

[0065] In the case of this plain bearing 11 the support layer 12 is made of a steel, and the running layer 13 of an aluminium alloy, particularly AlZn4.5, which is connected immobile to the support layer 12.

EXAMPLE 2

[0066] In the case of this plain bearing 11 the support layer 12 is formed from a steel Applied to the support layer 12 is the intermediate layer 18 of pure aluminium, and upon this the running layer 13 of an aluminium Sn alloy, for example AlSn6Cu or AlSn20Cu.

EXAMPLE 3

[0067] In this plain bearing 11, the support layer 12 is formed from a steel. Applied by sputtering to the support layer 12 is the intermediate layer 18 comprising a CuPb-alloy and upon this the running layer 13 of AlSn20.

EXAMPLE 4

[0068] In this construction of a plain bearing 11, the support layer 12 consists of steel. In the first variant construction, there is applied to this support layer 12 of steel an intermediate layer 18 of pure aluminium, and in turn on this a running layer 13 according to the invention.

[0069] In order now to be able to test the bearing behaviour of a plain bearing 11 and to assign it to various categories of use, the bearing durability behaviour can be ascertained and tested with reference to predetermined test methods. In order to simulate the load for example with a shaft rotating at a predetermined rotary speed, the load acting on the bearing casing is applied, operation being for example, in dependence on the bearing size in the cylinder size used, with a hydraulic pressure of 75 bar. When the maximum bearing load is then achieved, the test is carried on until the bearing is damaged by crushing of the running layer 13 or formation of scores in the area of the running or intermediate layers 13, 18 or by friction to such an extent that it must be replaced. The definition of the point at which this damage is so assessed that the bearing is no longer usable, is to be ascertained in detail before each individual sequence of tests.

[0070] The graph now shows the bearing durability behaviour of the designs of the individual plain bearings 11 described previously with reference to Examples 1 to 4.

[0071] As will be seen from observation of the graph, which is described for example in accordance with a simple bearing structure known in prior art, as described in Example 1, such a plain bearing 11 fails due to abrasion of the bearing point before reaching the maximum stress at point in time 19, as the graph shows.

[0072] Better bearing resistance behaviour is already achieved with a design, likewise known from prior art, of a plain bearing 11 with a three-layer structure, in which the support layer 12 is of steel, the intermediate layer 18 of pure aluminium and the running layer 13 of an aluminium alloy alloyed with tin 14, in accordance with Example 2.

[0073] Whilst the aluminium alloy with the lower tin content likewise fails before reaching the maximum stress at point in time 20, the higher-alloyed aluminium alloy resists the maximum load over a longer period as far as a point in time 21, at which the bearing is crushed, or to a point in time 22, in which the bearing is abraded.

[0074] Extremely long service life of a bearing is achieved as is known from prior art by a bearing structure according to Example 3, as such a bearing, after a running time of 10,000 minutes, at which also point in time 23 is entered, the plain bearing 11 is still usable.

[0075] Such bearings, which achieve such a high service life in this comparative test, are termed “fatigue-tested specimens without rupture”.

[0076] Finally, points in time 24 and 25 show the test results for a bearing structure, according to Example 4, in which the intermediate layer 18 consists of pure aluminium and the running layer 13 of an aluminium alloy according to the invention. With this, in contrast to the design of the bearing according to Example 3, a considerable increase in the bearing service life was achieved with a substantially simpler bearing structure.

[0077] A design is likewise usable, in which the intermediate layer 18 contains as a main alloy component zinc, and the running layer 13 as a main alloy component tin 14, as likewise indicated in Example 4.

[0078] In a further test, there were applied to the support layer 12 of steel an intermediate layer 18 of AlZn4.5, a running layer 13 of AlSn20Cu. A plain bearing 11 designed in this way shows that it is ready for use up to point in time 26.

[0079] The best result is however achieved with a bearing structure in which the support layer 12 is again of steel and the intermediate layer of an aluminium-zinc alloy particularly AlZn4.5, upon which a running layer 13 with the aluminium alloy according to the invention is applied.

[0080] The surprising factor for the person skilled in the art was however that in this combination, in which the intermediate layer 18 is alloyed with zinc and the running layer 13 according to the invention is used, a “fatigue-tested specimen without rupture” entered with a point in time 27 in the graph, could be achieved with a bearing structure considerably simpler and thus cheaper in comparison to the bearing structure according to Example 3.

[0081]FIGS. 7 and 8 show the alteration in the hardness over the operating time of a plain bearing in the form of illustrations, the configuration of hardness being dependent on the different composition between running layer 13 and intermediate layer 18.

[0082] As the support layer 12 of steel is always the same, this is no longer considered in the study, as also the hardness of the steel layer scarcely changes over the operational period.

[0083] The essential factor is rather that, depending on the alloy of the running and intermediate layers 13 and 18, a different hardness results.

[0084] As already explained before, it is advantageous for a long-lasting interruption-free operation and a long bearing service life if the alterations in hardness in the intermediate layer 18 and in the running layer 13 are roughly similar, i.e. only small differences occur between 0% and 20% in the hardness alteration over the operational life. Favourable results for practice are achieved, if, as shown in the graph in FIG. 7, the aluminium alloy according to the invention, which is provided with a high tin proportion, is used as the running layer 13, and pure aluminium as the intermediate layer 18. In this embodiment it is apparent that due to the hardening of the aluminium alloy according to the invention the hardness increases over the operational life, while in contrast, as already known from prior art, due to the effects of heat and pressure, the pure aluminium loses its tensions, which cause higher strength, and with increasing operational time become softer. Due to the selection of the increase in hardness in the running layer 13 in proportion to the decrease in hardness of the intermediate layer 18, despite this a positive overall result can be achieved, which enables a high service life, of keeping to the boundary values in the alteration in hardness over the operational time.

[0085] The configuration of the increase or reduction in hardness is shown in the graph in FIG. 7 for the running layer 13 by the diagram line 28, and for the intermediate layer by the diagram line 29. A surprisingly positive result for the person skilled in the art is however afforded by a bearing structure with respect to the configuration of hardness over the operational time, if, as the graph in FIG. 8 shows, the running layer 13 according to diagram line 30 and the intermediate layer 18, as the diagram line 31 shows, are hardenable and if their hardness increases due to the temperature effect over the operational period, so that only small or no differences at all in the alteration in hardness occur during the operational period. This is achieved by the aluminium alloy, supplied with a high tin proportion and alloyed with additional alloy components, in the running layer 13, and by the aluminium alloy of the intermediate layer 18, alloyed with tin 14, as already mentioned above, by shaping and plating together, and the intermediate layer 18 being connected to the support layer 12 of steel.

[0086] It will also be seen from the graph in FIG. 8 that in this case the greater hardness of the intermediate layer, also shown by the bearing durability behaviour in the diagram in FIG. 6, a high service life of such a bearing is achieved. List of Reference Numbers  1. material  2. tin phase  3. alloy matrix  4. tin network  5. bearing material  6. tin structure  7. aluminide  8. longitudinal extension  9. length 10. bearing member 11. plain bearing 12. support layer 13. running layer 14. tin 15. hard material 16. element 18. intermediate layer 19. point in time 20. point in time 21. point in time 22. point in time 23. point in time 24. point in time 25. point in time 26. point in time 27. point in time 28. diagram line 29. diagram line 30. diagram line 31. diagram line 

1. Aluminium alloy for a layer, particularly of a plain bearing, to which tin is added as a main alloy component, and a hard material from a first element group containing iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, copper or platinum, magnesium, or antimony, characterised in that there is added to the aluminium alloy of the first element group a quantity of elements for forming inter-metallic phases, e.g. aluminide formation in the boundary areas of the matrix, and in that further at least one further element of a second element group containing manganese, antimony, chromium, tungsten, niobium, vanadium, cobalt, silver, molybdenum or zirconium in order to substitute a portion of at least one hard material of the first element group in order to form approximately spherical or cuboid aluminides (7).
 2. Aluminium alloy for a composite material, particularly for a plain bearing comprising a running and an intermediate layer, which contains as main alloy ingredients at least one element of an alloy element group containing tin, zinc, copper, lead, bismuth, cadmium and/or indium, particularly according to claim 1, characterised in that the main alloy component of the running layer (13) is tin (14), and of the intermediate layer (18) is zinc.
 3. Aluminium alloy for a composite material, particularly for a plain bearing comprising a running and an intermediate layer, which contains as a main alloy components at least one element from an alloy element group containing tin, zinc, copper, lead, bismuth, cadmium and/or indium, particularly according to claim 1 and/or 2, characterised in that the composite material forms at least a part of a plain bearing (11), and the intermediate layer (18) and/or the running layer (13) has a strength which lies between 70% and 99.5% of a maximum strength achievable at a hardening temperature of a maximum 450° C., preferably 150° C. to 375° C.
 4. Aluminium alloy according to claim 2 or 3, characterised in that there is added to the intermediate layer (18) and/or the running layer (13) at least one element of a further alloy element group containing iron, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, for maintaining a difference between the alterations in strength in the running and/or intermediate layer (13, 18) at an approximately identical pressure and/or temperature stress between 0% and 20%.
 5. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of claims 2 to 4, characterised in that the running layer (13) and/or the intermediate layer (18) is/are hardenable, e.g. by heat hardening, and a strength of the intermediate layer (18) is identical with or higher than the strength of the running layer (13).
 6. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the running and/or intermediate layer (13, 18) and/or the support layer (12) are interconnected e.g. by plating, shaping, clamping, gluing, reshaping.
 7. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that this aluminium alloy contains only impurities of silicon introduced during smelting.
 8. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the proportion of tin (14) in the running and/intermediate layer (13/ 18) comes to between 16% by weight and 32% by weight, preferably between 22% by weight and 28% by weight.
 9. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that this aluminium alloy contains a minimum proportion of tin (14) of 16% by weight and/or that of copper of 1.4% by weight.
 10. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that this aluminium alloy contains copper, manganese and at least one element each on the one hand from an element group containing iron and on the other hand from an element group containing magnesium, antimony or zinc.
 11. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the quantity of two elements, which are added to the alloy from the element group containing nickel and iron as well as manganese, corresponds to twice to four times the quantity of the copper, the proportion by weight of the two elements of the element group containing manganese, nickel or iron being between 40% and 200%, preferably between 45% and 100% of the quantity of copper.
 12. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the overall proportion of the elements added to the alloy from the group containing, in addition to magnesium and antimony, also chromium, tungsten, niobium, vanadium, cobalt, molybdenum and zircon, comes to at most 200% of the iron or nickel content, but at least 0.2% by weight of the alloy matrix
 3. 13. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one each of an element on the one hand from an element group containing lead, bismuth, cadmium and indium, and on the other hand from an element group containing manganese, zinc, calcium and lithium, is added to the alloy.
 14. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the proportion of the respective element from the element group containing lead, bismuth, cadmium and indium, comes to between 25% by weight and 200% by weight of the maximum solubility of the respective element in the overall quantity of tin, the overall proportion of the elements from this group however coming to a minimum 100% and a maximum 300% of the maximum solubility of the group element least soluble in tin (14).
 15. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the proportion of the respective element from the element group containing manganese, zinc, calcium and lithium comes to between 10% and 100% of the maximum solubility of the respective element in the overall quantity of aluminium, the overall proportion of the elements from this group however coming to at least 50% and at most 200% of the maximum solubility of the group element least soluble in aluminium.
 16. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that a plurality of the elements, silicon, chromium, magnesium, tungsten, titanium, antimony, niobium, vanadium, cobalt, molybdenum and zircon are added to this aluminium alloy, and their overall content is preferably less than 100% of the content of copper.
 17. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that in this aluminium alloy the ratio of manganese to iron is between 4:1 and 2.5:1, preferably 3.5:1 to 2.5:1.
 18. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that there is added to this aluminium alloy at least 0.1% and not more than 1.5%, preferably 0.15% to 0.8% of chromium, with respect to the alloy matrix (3).
 19. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of thepreceding claims, characterised in that the proportion in the alloy matrix (3) of the zircon is 0.1% to 1.0%, preferably between 0.15% and 0.5%.
 20. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that, with respect to the alloy matrix (3), nickel and chromium is added in a ratio of 0.5:1, preferably in a ratio of 0.2:1.
 21. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that, with relation to the alloy matrix (3), cobalt and iron is added at a ratio of 1:1 to 0.25:1, preferably 1:0.75 to 1:0.5.
 22. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that during addition up to a weight proportion of a maximum 10% of an element of the element group containing cadmium, indium, lead and/or bismuth, preferably however the proportion from the multiplicator of the respectively present maximum soluble of the components in aluminium with cadmium between a multiple of 1.1 and 2.2, with bismuth between 2 and 13.5, with indium between 1.25 and 45 and with lead between 1.25 and 14 times the respective maximum solubility of these elements in aluminium.
 23. Aluminium alloy according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that a hardening effect of the running layer (13) of the material composite formed from the running and/or intermediate layer (13/18), and/or the support layer (12), beneath a temperature of 120° C., comes to at most 15% by weight of a maximum strength achievable at a hardening temperature of a maximum 450° C., preferably 150° C. to 375° C.
 24. Plain bearing made of a composite material, and consisting of a running and of an intermediate layer and if necessary a support layer, in particular according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the running layer (13) is formed by the aluminium alloy according to claims 1, 4 or
 5. 25. Plain bearing according to claim 24, characterised in that the intermediate layer (18) is formed from pure aluminium.
 26. Plain bearing according to clam 24, characterised in that the intermediate layer (18) is formed by an aluminium alloy to which there is added as main alloy components at least one element of a first element group containing iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper, platinum, magnesium, antimony or silver.
 27. Plain bearing according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the intermediate layer (18) is formed from an aluminium alloy with zinc as the main alloy component.
 28. Method of manufacturing composite materials from aluminium alloys, particularly for a plain bearing, in which hardenable aluminium alloys containing soft phases are alloyed with hard materials such as copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, zircon, characterised in that there is added to the alloy between 16% by weight and 48% by weight, preferably between 20% by weight and 30% by weight of tin, and during the casting procedure inter-metallic phases in a volume proportion of 0.15% to 5% of the tin network structure are restricted to a maximum 70%, preferably 20% to 60% of the average circumferential line of the visible matrix granule limits, and there are present at least 15% of the tin particles with the inter-metallic phases in a size ratio of 1:1.
 29. Method according to claim 28, characterised in that the inter-metallic phases, after plating with a further layer of an alloy, are thermally treated at a temperature of at least 365° C., preferably between 370° C. and 545° C., and during a subsequent automatic cooling, the inter-metallic phases, with the exception of the inter-metallic phases rich in iron, cobalt and manganese-cobalt, are dissolved, until a matrix hardness of a maximum 43 Hb 2.5/31.25 is achieved.
 30. Method according to claim 29, characterised in that, after reshaping of the inter-metallic phases, the layer is subjected to a cold deformation of at least 25%, whereafter a thermal treatment at at least 145° C., preferably between 155° C. and 180° C., is thermally recondensed, the thermal treatment being recondensed by a maximum 3 hours at the respective temperature, yet a maximum of 50° C. below the respective cooling temperature, until at least 75% of the strength achievable on maximum hardening is achieved.
 31. Method according to claim 30, characterised in that the material composite formed from the running and/or intermediate layer and/or support layer is subjected to a hardening, a hardening effect of the running layer being brought about beneath a temperature of 12° C., at least 10% of the maximum achievable strength being achieved at a hardening temperature of a maximum of 450° C., preferably 150° C. to 375° C. 